Reset Password

A scan tool tells you what is wrong. Waveform analysis tells you why it is wrong. And the PDF is your translator. Save this article as a reference. For specific waveforms, always consult the OEM service documentation or a verified training PDF library specific to the year, make, and model of the vehicle you are diagnosing.

A wavy line oscillating between 0.1 volts (lean) and 0.9 volts (rich).

A spike to battery voltage (pull-in), a drop to 0v (hold), and a spike to 40-60 volts when the field collapses (valve closing).

x
122.17 € per night